Resource Quality Assessment

Mandate of the Research Group:

Resource Quality Assessment Group has four wings and these are situated in CIMFR, Digwadih, Ranchi, Bilaspur and Nagpur. The major aim of these wings to assess the quality of coal existing in the virgin area of India & abroad based on bore hole coal cores drilled by GSI, CMPDIL, Coal videsh etc. Beside these, R&D works were carried out under various aspect of coal to help to many user industries to providing basic information regarding utilization aspect of coal. The work involved characterization and quality assessment through chemical and Petrographic analyses of in-situ coal seams/Virgin areas and interpretation of data for rational utilization.


Section 1: Coal Petrology

Mandate:

Our group continuously strive for excellence in Coal Petrographic areas. Potential expertise for generation of basic knowledge in coal geology along with coal petrography parameters such as rank determination, Maceral analysis, Microlithotype, char morphology and micro texure studies of coke. Innovation of new and advanced concepts to blend the inferior quality of coal for efficient, economic, and environmentally safe energy generation and management for an energy efficient nation, Coal Petrology has been making significant contributions to the energy and metallurgical Sector. 

Important Activities & Achievements:

Coal Petrology Section has been involved in various nationally and internationally important R&D, sponsored and consultancy projects related to Coal Geology and Coal Chemistry funded by SSRC, CIL, NTPC and other PSU and private organization. These projects were related to quality monitoring of raw and washed coal, chemical, physical and petrographic characterization of coal, coke and jhama, cleaning potentiality investigation of coal etc. Study of maceral and reflectance of coals across the country was done for steel industries, CBM exploration and change in grading system from UHV to GCV of coal. By the help of sophisticated software Leica QWIN using grey scale values reflectance on inertinite of coals of different coalfields to studies the combustion behavior of Indian coals. Blending of indigenous and imported coals by means of petrographic studies was also done for industrial usage.


Section 2: Coal Characterisation

Mandate:

The Coal Characterisation group is dedicated towards Characterisation studies on Coal, Coke and Lignite in the form of Studies on Borehole coal cores received from Virgin areas drilling by different drilling organizations in various parts of the country along with quality monitoring of the Coal. Group bears the potential expertise for generation of basic knowledge on coal characteristics.

Important Activities & Achievements:

Coal Characterisation section is involved in various R&D, sponsored and consultancy projects of National and International importance funded by SSRC, CIL, NTPC and other PSU and private organizations. These projects are related to Studies on Borehole coal cores received from virgin areas, quality monitoring of raw and washed coals , quality monitoring of coal being dispatched to various power plants from CIL subsidiaries , chemical and physical characterization of coal, coke lignite and Jhama, cleaning potentiality investigation of coals , GCV profiling studies in power plants. Studies on characterization of coals across the country was done for Steel and Power 


Section 3: Nagpur Research Centre

Mandate:
Nagpur Research Center of RQA is engaged with resource quality assessment of borehole coal cores received from different coal exploratory agencies such as CMPDI, GSI, MECL, and SECL.  The centre is also carrying oout R &D on coal sampling, characterization of coal, coke and biomass, washability of non-coking coal /dry beneficiation and energy management studies for Coal India subsidiaries, Private/Public sector including Government organizations. The center has excellent infrastructure and expertise to provide technical and consultancy services to industries in the area of Coal quality assessment, efficient utilization of coal and energy management for coal mines, power plantsand other industries.


The specific areas of research are as follows:

  1. Resource quality assessment of bore hole coal cores
  2. Characterization of coal, coke and biomass
  3. Energy efficiency and benchmarking
  4. Standardization of Coal testing laboratory
  5. Activated carbon from coal and waste carbonaceous materials
  6. New coal technologies like coal winnowing for dry beneficiation

Coal Sampling and quality assessment

  1. Sampling of coal from different sources (seam, wagon, truck, ship etc.)
  2. Proximate and Ultimate analysis of Indian and Imported coal and Biomass by IS and ASTM Method both by conventional and instrumental method.
  3. Determination of Calorific Value of Coal and Fuel oil.
  4. Determination of Ash Fusion Temperature
  5. Determination of Distribution of Sulphur, Total Sulphur and Total Iron.
  6. Low Temperature Carbonization (LTC) - Full Assay for Coal Carbonization
  7. Determination of Moisture of Coal on 60%RH, 96 % RH at 40⁰C as per Indian Standard.
  8. Determination of Total moisture of coal by IS Method, ASTM Method and as per FSA.
  9. Determination of Hardgrovegrindability Index.
  10. Determination of swelling Index.
  11. Determination of Specific gravity and Bulk Density of Coal.
  12. Size fraction analysis at desired sieve size.
  13. Coal Ash Analysis.
  14. Quality Monitoring of Imported and Indigenous coals.
  15.  

Washability of non-coking coal.

  1. Sampling of coal for washability study
  2. Size analysis.
  3. Float and sink test in different specific gravity fractions
  4. Plotting of standard washability curves

Energy management

  1. Energy Audit for Industrial sector
  2. Energy efficiency and benchmarking studies
  3. Modelling and simulation

Training/workshop for industry personnel /researchers

  1. Coal sampling method
  2. Coal testing and analysis
  3. Energy conservation

Important achievements of the department
The centre is carrying out assessment of 5000-6000m borehole coal core annually. The data generated is compiled seam wise, block wise and quality wise in a CIMFRNDB a software developed by CIMFR Nagpur unit. The unit has also completed number of projects on washability study of non coking coal and borehole coal cores. The washability data has been used by parties in assessing the washability potential of coal and installing washeries.  CIMFR Nagpur Research Centre is accredited to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power ,Govt. of India to carry out Energy Audit services as per the Energy Conservation Act 2001. The centre is competent in providing the Energy Audit services in the different industrial sectors such as Thermal Power Plants, Mining, Dairy & Food Industries, Textile Industry, Iron & Steel, Transport sector. The centre has completed about 30 sponsored projects related Energy Audit and benchmarking. New R &D area of benchmarking energy (diesel and power) for opencast mine has been initiated and presently about various benchmarking studies for Coal India Ltd (CIL) subsidiaries has been carried out. The Nagpur Research Centre has developed “ Coal winnowing system”, a dry beneficiation techniques of coal. A process and equipment for reducing overall ash percentage by coal winnowing method has been developed and a patent has been  filed on 1st July 2015 by CSIR in India. The patent No. is 1977DEL2015. The phase-II of this project is going on, which is sponsored by ministry of coal, govt of India. Sampling of Coal; ROM, Channel, Ship, Wagon, Stock and Conveyor Belt have been done for Coal India subsidiaries, thermal power plants and other coal consuming industries. R & D Studies for preparation of High surface area activated Carbon, magnetic activated carbon, Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles activated carbon composites of National and International Importance from various waste carbonaceous materials including coal and coke for drinking water filtration has been one of the core research area. The activated with surface area 2650m2/g and pore volume 1.76 m3/g has been developed. The Activated carbon prepared is evaluated for its adsorption parameters and its application in wastewater treatment.  The department is engaged in organising training sessions and workshops for knowledge sharing, awareness and skill development for college students and industrial Persons.


We contribute towards an Energy Efficient Nation


Section 4: Bilaspur Research Centre

Mandate:

 

Important activities & achievements:


Section 5: Ranchi Research Centre

Mandate:

10 (Ten):- Group IV (3) & Group III (5) Group II (2)

Important Activities & Achievements:

From Annual Report 2015-16, 7300 Meterage of coal & 10,000 nos. Of band by band & 2000 nos. Of Overall 


Section 6: Raniganj Resources Centre

Mandate:

 

Important Activities & Achievements:


NameDesignationEmail & phonePhoto
Head of the Research Group
Dr. Pradip Kumar Banerjee Outstanding Scientist & HORG E-mail : pkbanerjee[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in
Phone : 9234511035 (M)
Service image
Section 1: Coal Petrology
Dr. Ashish Kumar Ghosh Principal Scientist E-mail : kghosh[at]cimfr[dot]res[dot]in, akgcfri[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : 91 94315 13814 (M), +91 326 2388279 (O)
Service image
Dr. Arnold Luwang Usham

Briefbiodata
Scientist & HOS E-mail : arnoldluwang[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in
Phone : +91 9990436744 (M)
Service image
Dr. Prabal Boral Sr. Tech. Officer (3) E-mail : prabalboral[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388369,321(O), 09431513829 (M)
Service image
Mr. Saroj Kumar

Briefbiodata
Sr. Technical Officer (2) E-mail : saroj_cfri[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388369,321(O), 09835071329 (M)
Service image
Mr. Abhishek Mahato

Briefbiodata
Technical Assistant E-mail : abhimahato[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, geo.abhi706[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : 9681883894 (M)
Service image
Mr Om Prakash Kumar

Briefbiodata
Technical Assistant E-mail : omprakash[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, opkumar[dot]bhu[dot]geo[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : +919451110105 (M)
Service image
Mrs. Arshi Perween

Briefbiodata
Technical Assistant E-mail : arshiperween[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, arshiperween1988[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : +917209404780 (M)
Service image
Mrs. Priya Kumari

Briefbiodata
Technical Assistant E-mail : priyasingh[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, priyasinghcfri[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : 7903504324 (M)
Service image
Mrs. Kunti Devi Group D (N.T) Service image
Section 2: Coal Characterization
Dr. Vallu Ramakrishna

Briefbiodata
Sr. Scientist & HOS E-mail : vcramakrishna06[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388322 (O), 09725858066 (M)
Service image
Dr. Arnold Luwang Usham

Briefbiodata
Scientist E-mail : arnoldluwang[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in
Phone : 9990436744 (M)
Service image
Mr. Vivek Singh

Briefbiodata
Sr. Tech. Officer(2) E-mail : viveksinghcfri[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388381,320 (O), 09430182071 (M)
Service image
Mr. Prabal Boral Sr. Technical Officer (2) E-mail : prabalboral[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388369,321(O), 09431513829 (M)
Service image
Mr. Saroj Kumar

Briefbiodata
Sr. Technical Officer (1) E-mail : saroj_cfri[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388369,321(O), 09835071329 (M)
Service image
Mr. Gaurav Raghuvanshi

Briefbiodata
Technical Officer E-mail : raghuvanshigaurav[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : +91 94211 40544
Service image
Mrs. Jyoti Sharma

Briefbiodata
Technical Assistant E-mail : jyotisharma[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, rmpjyoti.sharma[at]gmail[dot]com
Phone : +91 8800892257 (M)
Service image
Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Verma

Briefbiodata
Technician E-mail : skverma[at]cimfr[dot]nic[dot]in, sanjeevverma11617[ar]gmail[dot]com
Phone : 9452062030, 9919033987 (M)
Service image
Mr. A. K. Singh Lab Assistant Phone : +91-326-2388381,320(O), 09835797452 (M) Service image
Mr. D. D. Roy Lab Assistant E-mail : debdasroycimfr[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388381,320 (O), 09431953945 (M)
Service image
Mr. Satya Bauri Lab Assistant E-mail : satyabauricimfr[at]rediffmail[dot]com
Phone : +91-326-2388320,322(O), 07739445663 (M)
Service image
Mr. Duryodhan Hari Lab. Assistant Service image
22 Results
Sl. No.A brief description of Facilities/ Equipment/Tools/software with photos
Section 1: Coal Petrology
1

Petrographic analysis of coal (BIS and ISO methods):

  1. Mean random reflectance
  2. Mean maximum reflectance
  3. Maceral analysis under fluorescent light
  4. Coke Microtexture
  5. Char Morphology

Equipment: Microscopes.
(i)     MPV systems.
(ii)    DMRX P HC with Image analysis software and MSP unit 
(iii)   DM 4500 P with Image analysis software and 'PETROG'

Photo of Equipment:

cimfr

Figure 1. DMRX polarizing microscope, Leitz, Germany

2

Radiance and Emissivity measurement

Equipment :FTIR-Spectrometry 

cimfr

Figure 2. FTIR-Spectrometry

Section 2: Coal Characterisation
1

Proximate Analysis
(i)                     (i)  Moisture Content   (ii) Ash Content
(iii) V. M. Content        (iv)       Moisture at 60% R. H, 96% RH. at 400 C

  1. GKLT Coke Type(ii)Swelling Index

Ultimate Analysis
(i)         Carbon & hydrogen     (ii)        Carbonate CO2
(iii)       Nitrogen,Oxygen, Sulphur & sulphur distribution
Gross Calorific Value, Net Calorific Value & Useful Heat Value

H.G.I. & A.I
Sampling, Sub-sampling, Preparation of coal sample in lab and in field.

Equipments:-
(iv)  Vario Macro                                                                        :- Automatic CHN Analyzer
(v)   Vario Macro Cube                                                             :- Automatic CHNSO Analyzer
(vi)  TGA – 601,701 & Eltra Thermostep                              :-Automatic Proximate Analyser
(vii)  LECO TGA 701                                                                  :- Dual Furnace Proximate Analysis
(viii) AC – 350                                                                             :- GCV Determination
(ix)  IKA C2000                                                                           :- GCV Determination
(x)  S – 144 DR                                                                           :- Sulphur Determination
(xi)  Sulphur (CS-580)                                                               :- Sulphur Determinator

Figure 3. Ultimate analyser (Vario Macro cube of Elementar Analysensysteme, GMBH)

Figure 4. Proximate analyser (TGA 701 of Leco Corporation, USA)

Figure 5. Automatic bomb calorimeter (AC  350 of  Leco Corporation, USA)

Section 3: Nagpur Research Centre
1

Nagpur Research Centre formerly CIMFR Nagpur Unit-II

cimfrLocated at Civil lines, Nagpur have excellent facility of research with latest instrumentation and equipment for coal and energy research. The centre has got two sophisticated analytical lab equipped with auto analysers for carrying out proximate, ultimate and GCV, manual analytical lab, crusher rooms, logging and sampling shed to facilitate research. The centre has also gotinfrastructure for Energy management study to provide Energy Audit and benchmarking services to industries and mines.

Facilities  for Coal Characterization

Proximate analyser-TGA 701 & 601,  Proximate analyser (ELTRA make) , CV analyser--LECO AC- 350, IKA -2000&PARR 6200 , ELEMENTAR Vario macro cube CHN analyser , Optical heating microscope (MISURA-HSM) , UV- vis Spectrophotometer-Lambda-35(PERKIN ELMER),High temperature activation system, Humidity chambers, Moisture ovens,Ash furnace, VM furnace, Kjeldahl assembly,CO2determinator, Jaw crushers , Double roll crushers , Pulverisers,Screens, Drop &shatter instrument, water retention test apparatus, Greyking low temperature carbonization apparatus etc.

Facilities for Energy management

Nagpur Research centre has well-equipped infrastructure with latest instruments for measurement of electrical and mechanical parameters during energy audit.

Flue gas analyzer, Ultrasonic flow meter, Digital thermometer, Infrared thermometer, Digital anemometer ,TDS meter, Thermo Hygrometer, Load manager, Clamp- on power meter, Lux meter, Digital tachometer etc.

We contribute towards an Energy Efficient Nation

Section 4: Bilaspur Research Centre
1

CHN-1000-LECO

Parr-2000 bomb Calorimeter

ELEMENTAR CHNO

TGA-701

RIGAKU-ZSX-Primus-XRF

Vibratory Cup Mill

Section 5: Ranchi Research Centre
1

Facilities:

1. Proximate Analysis both Air dried & 60% RH & at equilibrated basis.

2. Determination of Moisture and Ash both AD & Equilibrated.

3. AFT (Ash Fusion Temperature Range)

4. CHNS & CHNSO

5. Direct Determination of Sulphur.

6. Determination of Phosphorus % (by conventional method)

7. Ash Analysis

8. Swelling Index SI

9. LTGK Type (Low Temperature Grey King Assay)

10. Distribution of Sulphur

Equipments:

1. Vario Macro                                        :- Automatic CHN Analyzer

2. Vario Macro Cube                                :- Automatic CHNSO Analyzer

3. TGA – 601 & Eltra Thermostep          :- Automatic Proximate Analyser

4. LECO TGA 701                                   :- Dual Furnace Proximate Analysis

5. AC – 350                                           :- GCV Determination

6. Parr Calorimeter-6200                        :- GCV Determination

7. IKA C2000                                          :- GCV Determination

8. S – 144 DR                                         :- Sulphur Determination

9. Sulphur (CS-580)                                :- Sulphur Determinator

10. Flame Photometer                              :- Alkali Oxide in Ash.

11. Ash-fusion apparatus(AF-4000)         :- Ash Fusion Temperature Range

12. K1050x                                             :- Oxygen plasma Asher.

13. Changsha Kaiyuan Instruments         :-Ash Fusion

Section 6: Raniganj Resources Centre
1
 
Sl. No.NameSponsorDurationObjectiveMajor output(if any)
Section 1: Coal Petrology
1Quality evaluation of coal cores explored from different regions of India.Coal India Limited, Kolkata (Through CMPDIl, Ranchi)From 3rd December 2011 to Continuing

Expansion of existing coal core analyses facilities for quality evaluation of 85000 meters (including 10000 m for other CSIR labs) coal cores generated for exploratory drilling in virgin coal bearing areas undertaken by CMPDIL Ranchi.

Approximately 25000 m of coal core samples were processed and analyzed also several thousands of band by band and overall samples prepared and analyzed during. This project is for creation of additional infrastructure including lab facility. Hence to take up the huge work load for analyzing the samples, the project is of paramount importance. 

2Coal quality Assessment from virgin coalfields of Damodar & Mahanadi Valley Coalfields as aid to Power & Steel Industries in India.CSIR-CIMFR, DhanbadFrom April 2012 to Continuing

This project aims to provide ready information about the quality and potentialities of the coals of above mentioned areas in the form of data bank for scientists, technologists and industrialists for development of coal science and coal based industries.

The present work aims to analyze above samples for proximate, GCV, Ultimate analysis, HGI, AI, SI, LTGK, petrography, etc. in addition to a systematic compilation and representation of those data so that the qualitative aspect of each coalfield may be recorded sector/seam wise so as to form a data bank. 

This project is being executed in the form of in-house project and service to the industry is being provided in many ways through generation of technical data on coals and also in erection of new facilities or renovation of existing ones through in-house project funding.

It is noteworthy to mention that in the past the compiled data on various coalfields in several volumes by CIMFR was used for planning several Indian Steel plants & Power plants. The data bank complied by CSIR-CIMFR was supplied to Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, New Delhi to plan for CBM exploration in Indian coal basins.

3Consultancy on collection and quality monitoring of coking coal samples dispatched to SAIL integrated steel plants from CCL washeries and ROM coal.SAIL (CCSO), Dhanbad & Central Coalfields Ltd (CCL), Ranchi.From February 2012 to Continuing

Sampling, preparation and analysis (ash and moisture) of coking coal being produced at various washeries / collieries of CCL (Swang, Kathara, Kedla, Rajrappa, Karo and Dhori in Bokaro and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand) for the purpose of dispatch to the Steel Plants of M/s Steel Authority of India Limited namely BSP, RSP, DSP, BSL, ISP-Burnpur and others.

The samples of washed and raw coals being dispatched to different SAIL plants from different loading points of CCL mines such as: Dhori, Karo, Swang, Kathara, Rajrappa & Kedla     are being sampled on daily basis and after preparation their qualitative analysis is being done for total moisture, moisture on Air Dried (AD) basis and ash contents. The parties are satisfied with our performance.

4Quality monitoring of coals at station end of NTPC, Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project, Singrauli, M.P.From October, 2013 to ContinuingNTPC Vindhyachal

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of VSTPP (NTPC), Vindhyanagar, M.P.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for higher efficiency of power plant.

5Quality assessment & Float & Sink studies of Borehole coal cores from Tete Province of Mozambique, for industrial application. Phase-I.Coal Videsh, Coal India Africana Limitada, Coal India Limited.From October, 2013 to Continuing

India is facing great challenge of shortage of quality coals for meeting out the demand of coking and thermal coals for its steel and power industries. In the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), it has been envisaged that Coal India Limited will act not only as a coal producer, but also importer of quality coals from overseas. From the energy security point of view, Government of India has encouraged acquisition of coal assets from abroad. Accordingly, Coal India limited (CIL) has taken initiatives to acquire coal assets from abroad through its Coal Videsh Division, Coal India Africana Limitada (CIAL) & acquired two coal blocks in Mozambique’s northwestern province of Tete. Exploration and associated activities in the coal blocks have already been started. At present they sent one borehole coal core for detailed quality assessment.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and may help in future to meet to some extent the national energy security. The acquired knowledge will also lead to an image building of the institute at the international   level and also expand our business opportunities.

6Evaluation of coal quality at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project (VSTPPS), Singrauli. NTPC VindhyachalFrom April 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and Analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal, M.P.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

7Coal quality evaluation at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project (VSTPPS), Singrauli, M. P. NTPC VindhyachalFrom October 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and Analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal, M.P.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

8Validation of GCV of coals at unloading point of NTPC Vindhyachal super thermal power project (VSTPPS), Singrauli, M.P. (Third Phase). NTPC VindhyachalFrom March 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project, Vindhya Nagar (MP).

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

9Characterisation of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL RI-I, through borehole coal core study- Phase I (For coal cores received between September 2013 to March 2014)RI-I, CMPDIL, AsansolFrom March 2014 to Continuing

Characterisation of 12 nos. borehole coal cores generated from the detailed exploratory drilling in Naraikuri, Dharma, Bishtupur, Brahmani blocks from Raniganj & Rajmahal  coalfields done by CMPDIL RI-I. The study includes visual lithological logging of boreholes coal cores of around 775 mts, investigation of ash and moisture percentage and proximate analyses (on AD basis) of band by band samples  and detail quality evaluation of sectional overall samples. Detailed analyses (viz. Proximate, GCV, Ultimate and HGI will be conducted for the sectional overall samples based on the seam disposition and overall characteristics of the seams encountered.  However, 100 percent of the overall samples (around 225 nos.) will be tested for proximate and GCV under standard moisture condition while 20-25 percent (tentative) samples will be taken up for Moisture at equilibrated condition, 5-10 percent (tentative) for ultimate and 10-15 percent (tentative) for HGI will be taken up according to data requirement to find out the range. 

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier to assess the quality of the coal. This will help to estimate the reserve of the coal quality/grade wise.   

10Characterisation of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL RI-II, through borehole coal core study- Phase I (For coal cores received between September 2013 to March 2014)RI-II, CMPDIL, DhanbadFrom March 2014 to Continuing

Characterisation of 40 nos. borehole coal cores generated from the detailed exploratory drilling in Kapuria & Singara blocks, of Jharia coalfield done by CMPDIL RI-II. The study includes visual lithological logging of boreholes coal cores of around 1300 m of band by band samples   and evaluation the quality by Proximate, GCV, Ultimate, Coke Type and Swelling Index etc for the sectional overall samples based on the seam disposition and overall characteristics of the seams encountered.  

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier to assess the quality of the coal. This will help to estimate the reserve of the coal quality/grade wise. 

11Quality monitoring of coals at station end of TSTPS, NTPC (Talcher- Kaniha), Angul, OrissaNTPC TalcherFrom December 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of TSTPS (NTPC), Talcher.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

12Quality monitoring of coals at unloading point of NTPC, Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project (VSTPPS), Singrauli, M.P.NTPC VindhyachalFrom January 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of VSTPP (NTPC), Vindhyanagar, M.P. 

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

13Coal quality evaluation at unloading point of NTPC, Rihand, Dist. Sonbhadra, U.P - Phase-II.NTPC RihandFrom January 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of RSTPS (NTPC), Rihand. 

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

14Coal quality monitoring at unloading point of NTPC, Unchahar, Uttar Pradesh.NTPC UnchaharFrom March 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of NTPC, Unchahar, U.P. 

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better performance of power plant.

15Comparison of coal as received and coal as fired at Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project (VSTPPS), Singrauli, M. P.NTPC VindhyachalFrom October 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and Analysis of coal for validation of GCV and other parameters of coal from rakes received at unloading point and coal as fired of NTPC, Vindhyachal, M.P.

This project has helped the power plant to assess its plant performance based on GCV loss in plant at different sites.

16Quality evaluation of unloaded coal at NTPC, Kahalgaon, BiharNTPC KahalgaonFrom October 2014 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for determination of moisture, ash percentage and GCV of coal from rakes received at unloading point of NTPC, Kahalgaon, Bihar.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

17Coal quality assessment of borehole coal core samples received from Tete Province of Mozambique for industrial application – Phase – IICoal Videsh, Coal India Africana Limitada, Coal India Limited (Through CMPDIL, Ranchi).From December 2014 to Continuing

India is facing great challenge of shortage of quality coals for meeting out the demand of coking and thermal coals for its steel and power industries. In the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), it has been envisaged that Coal India Limited will act not only as a coal producer, but also importer of quality coals from overseas. From the energy security point of view, Government of India has encouraged acquisition of coal assets from abroad. Accordingly, Coal India limited (CIL) has taken initiatives to acquire coal assets from abroad through its Coal Videsh Division, Coal India Africana Limitada (CIAL) & acquired two coal blocks in Mozambique’s northwestern province of Tete. Exploration and associated activities in the coal blocks have already been started. At present they sent one borehole coal core for detailed quality assessment.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and may help in future to meet to some extent the national energy security. The acquired knowledge will also lead to an image building of the institute at the international level and also expand our business opportunities in other front.

Section 2: Coal Characterisation
1Characterisation of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL RI-III, through borehole coal core study – Phase I (For coal cores received between August’13 – March 2014).RI-III, CMPDIL.From March 2014 to Continuing

Characterisation of 14 nos. of borehole coal cores generated from the detailed exploratory drilling in Religarh and Patratu blocks from South Karnpura coalfields done by CMPDIL RI-III. The study includes visual lithological logging of boreholes coal cores of around 555 m, investigation of ash and moisture percentage and proximate analyses (on AD basis) of band by band samples (around 1145 and 35 respectively)  and preparation and testing sectional overall samples. Detailed analyses (viz. Proximate, GCV, Ultimate will be conducted for the sectional overall samples based on the seam disposition and overall characteristics of the seams encountered.  However, 100 percent of the overall samples will be tested for proximate and GCV under standard moisture condition, while 10-15 percent (tentative) for HGI will be taken up according to data requirement to find out the range. 

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier to assess the quality of the coal. This will help to estimate the reserve of the coal quality/grade wise.  

2Quality monitoring of coal at loading point (ECL mines) for NTPC, Kahalgaon, BiharNTPC Kahalgaon.From January 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Bihar.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

3Quality monitoring of coal at loading point (ECL mines) for NTPC, Farakka, W. B.NTPC Farakka.From January 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Farakka, West Bengal.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

4Coal quality monitoring at loading end (NCL mines) for NTPC, Rihand Thermal Power Station, U.P.NTPC Rihand.From January 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Rihand

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

5Monitoring of coal quality at loading points (NCL mines) for NTPC, Singrauli Thermal Power Station, U.P.NTPC Singrauli.From January 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Singrauli

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

6Monitoring of coal quality at loading points (NCL mines) for NTPC, Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station, M.P.NTPC Vindhyachal.From January 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Vindhyachal

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

7Quality Evaluation of Coals from Pachwara South Block, Dumka, Jharkhand for NUPPLNEYVELI UTTAR PRADESHFrom March 2015 to Continuing
8Evaluation of Coal quality of borehole coal cores samples received from Tete province of Mozambique through CIAL- Phase IIICoal Videsh, Coal India Africana Limitada, Coal India Limited (Through CMPDIL, Ranchi).From June 2015 to Continuing

Quality evaluation of coal cores generated from exploratory drilling in virgin coal bearing area undertaken by  coal videsh (CIL).

9Characterization of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL RI-II, through boreholes coal cores study – Phase II (For coal core received between April 2014 to December 2015)CMPDIL RI-II, DhanbadFrom July 2015 to Continuing

Quality evaluation of coal cores generated from exploratory drilling in virgin coal bearing area undertaken by CMPDIL, Ranchi.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier to assess the quality of the coal. This will help to estimate the reserve of the coal quality/grade wise.  

10Technical advice for efficient combustion behavior of coal at NTPC, Badarpur, New Delhi.NTPC BadarpurFrom October 2015 to Continuing

Mapping/profiling of GCV at unloading point of coal and at four other points at different sizes through sampling and characterization through their facility with NTPC, Badarpur and providing technical advice on plant performance.

11Technical advice for efficient combustion behavior of coal at NTPC, Jhajjar, Harayana.NTPC JhajjarFrom October 2015 to Continuing

Mapping/profiling of GCV at unloading point of coal and at four other points at different sizes through sampling and characterization through their facility with NTPC, Jhajjar and providing technical advice on plant performance.

12Technical advice for efficient combustion behavior of coal at NTPC, Dadri, U. P.NTPC DadriFrom October 2015 to Continuing

Mapping/profiling of GCV at unloading point of coal and at four other points at different sizes through sampling and characterization through their facility with NTPC, Dadri and providing technical advice on plant performance

13Validation of Gross calorific value of coals at loading point for NTPC, Singrauli, U.P. (Second Phase)NTPC SingrauliFrom October 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Singrauli

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant.

14Characterization of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL RI-I, through boreholes coal cores study – Phase II (For coal core received between July 2015 to March 2016)RI-I, CMPDIL, AsansolFrom November 2015 to Continuing

Quality evaluation of coal cores generated from exploratory drilling in virgin coal bearing area undertaken by CMPDIL, Ranchi

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier to assess the quality of the coal. This will help to estimate the reserve of the coal quality/grade wise.  

15Supervision at loading end for quality monitoring of coals dispatched to Vindhyachal NTPCNTPC VindhyachalFrom December 2015 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC, Vindhyachal

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant

16Technical advice for efficient combustion behavior of coal at NTPC, Kanti, Muzaffarpur, BiharNTPC Kanti, MuzaffarpurFrom January 2016 to Continuing

Mapping/profiling of GCV at unloading point of coal and at four other points at different sizes through sampling and characterization through their facility with NTPC, Kanti and providing technical advice on plant performance

17Coal quality monitoring of coals dispatched to NTPC, Rihand, U. P.NTPC RihandFrom January 2016 to Continuing

Sampling and analysis of coal for validation of ash and GCV of coal from rakes dispatched to NTPC,Rihand.

This project has direct bearing on the national economy and helps the supplier & purchaser to monitor the coal quality being dispatched and improve the coal quality for better efficiency of power plant

Section 3: Nagpur Research Centre
1Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Coal Samples Received from Indoramasynthetics at Nagpur District, Maharashtra (India) Ltd.( SSP-7321)Indo Rama Synthetics ( India ) Ltd, Nagpur.(MAH)6 months Start: Dec2015 Complete: June 2016

Quality Evaluation of Coal samples Received from   Indoramasynthetics at  Nagpur District,  Maharashtra (India) Ltd. 

Quality evaluation of coal received forms an integral part of quality control in the captive power plant. The coal quality data aided the plant in evaluation of coal received and its effective utilisation.

2Study of Washability Characteristics of 03- ROM Coal samples of Sasti, Umrer and HLC mines supplied by WCL & collected at Raichur TPS (KPCL).(SSP-7320)TPS ( KPCL ) Karaka Power Corporation Limited12 months Start: Jan 2016 Complete: Jan 2017

To study the washability Characteristics and Characterizations of ROM coal samples crushed to 75mm and at specific gravity 1.3 to 2.0 of Sasti, Umrer and HLC mines of WCL collected at RTPS (KPCL).To determine the specific gravity at which the maximum yield of cleans at 33% and 34% ash level is obtained.

Collection of ROM coal samples from Raichur Thermal Power Station including preliminary survey and transportation of coal samples. Screen analysis and characterization. Float and sink test. Data analysis and draft report preparation.

3Collection, preparation and analysis of 120 nos of coal samples at loading ends of WCL supplied to STPS, Sarni (SSP-7302)Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Co. Ltd (MPPGCL). Jabalpur, (M.P).18 months from 15.10.2015 Status: Ongoing

Collection, preparation and analysis of coal samples from rail wagons at loading ends of WCL supplied to STPS, Sarni

The third party collection, preparation and analysis of coal samples collected from loading ends of WCL for MPPGCL was for commercial evaluation of the consignment dispatched through rail rakes.

4Quality analysis of Indian Coal, oil and imported coal samples received from Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra.(SSP-7292).Maharashtra State Power Gen. Company Ltd.(MAHAGENCO)Chandrapur, (MS)12 months Start: Nov 2014 Complete: Nov 2015

Quality analysis of the coal and oil samples submitted by Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra.

Analysis of coal & oil samples for specified parameters aids the TPS in achieving quality control goals and effective utilisation of high ash coal in the plant. 

5Quality Assessment Of Imported Coal & Indigenous Coal Samples Received At Bharat Aluminium Company Limited, Korba (C.G.).(SSP-7296).Bharat Aluminium Company Limited, Korba (C.G.)6 Months Start: May 2015 Status: Completed

Quality assessment of Imported Coal & Indigenous Coal samples supplied to Bharat Aluminium Company Limited, Korba (C.G.).

The Indian coal samples were high in ash content  in comparison to the imported coal samples whose ash content was <10 %. The GCV of the imported coal samples was higher than the Indian coal samples.

6Quality Assessment of imported coal samples received at Sarni Thermal Power Station (STPS) & Shree Singaji Thermal Power Project (SSTPP) Of Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Co. Ltd. (MPPGCL). (SSP-7297)Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Co. Ltd (MPPGCL). Jabalpur, (M.P).1 year 3 months Start: May 2015 Status: On-going

Quality assessment of 110 nos. of imported coal samples received at Power stations of MPPGCL.

The coal quality parameters like Proximate analysis and GCV; coal ash quality like AFT and other parameters like size composition and HGI data was used by the power plant for quality evaluation, blending strategies and rational utilisation.

7Quality evaluation of Indian coal, oil & Imported coal samples received from Bhusawal TPS.(SSP-7272)Maharashtra tate Power Gen. CompanyLtd. (MAHAGENCO), Bhusawal,Dist. Jalgaon.1 year and six months Start: Oct 2014 Status: Complete April 2016

Quality evaluation of the coal samples submitted by  Bhusawal Thermal Power Station (MAHAGENCO)

Coal quality assessment of samples received helps in the effective usage of high ash Indian coals and for preparation of suitable blends with imported coal.

8To study the effect of blending of imported coal and Indian coal on coal quality parameters. (MLP-0065/2015-16).CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research12 Months Start: Status: On-going

Blending of Imported and Indian coal in proportions ranging from 5% to 25% and optimizing the blend proportion.

Blending of coal in different sizes.

Analysis of blends for proximate analysis (ash, moisture, fixed carbon & volatile matter), GCV, AFT, HGI, TS and TGA.

The quality of the blends has improved the overall GCV, lowered the ash content & sulphur content and increased the Carbon content. 

9Systematic compilation of coal quality coal property and coal ash quality data for preparation of data bank of virgin coalfields of Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chattisgarh and Lignite fields of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan(MLP-0069/2015-16)CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel ResearchTwo years from Oct 2015

To compile the seam wise, block wise, coalfield wise coal quality, coal property and coal ash quality data in the database.

The database serves a guide for coal consumers to earmark coal resources for specific end use and for coal scientists for future research.

10Study on coal seam quality at Baranj opencast mine, near Bhadravati, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra and Audit of coal sampling and analytical procedures at Bellary TPS, Karnataka (CNP 7130)Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd., Bangalore6 Months From 15.10.2014

Study on the seam quality at Baranj open cast mine and audit of the coal sampling and analytical procedures adopted at Bellary TPS, Bellary, Karnataka.

One channel cut sample was collected from Baranj opencast mine for characterisation studies. In addition, one dispatch sample was collected from Majri siding to determine the quality of the dispatch.

The preliminary visit for assessing the scope of work was completed in October 2014. The detailed audit was completed in February 2015. Corrective measures were suggested in the coal sampling, sample preparation and analytical procdures. The final visit to assess the implementation of recommendations was completed in Jan 2016.

11To study the suitability of various non-toxic inorganic liquids and saccharides for float sink test of coal. (MLP-0066/2015-16)CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel ResearchStart: Oct 2015 Status: On-going

To study the suitability of various non-toxic inorganic liquids and saccharides for float and sink test of coal.

Collection of coal samples from mines.

Crushing & Screening of coal.

Washability test in conventional organic liquids and characterization.

Washability test by using some selected inorganic liquids &saccharideand characterization.

Comparative studies of both the processes.

12Coal quality process validation of CPP-I & II, BALCO, Korba, Chhatisgarh (CNP 7131)Bharat Aluminium Co (BALCO), Korba, Chhatisgarh12 Months Start: Sep 2014 Status: Completed

Monitoring of the coal sampling and analytical procedures adopted at CPP-I & II of BALCO, Korba (Chhattisgarh) for one month and to suggest corrective measures.

Round the clock coal sampling from trucks, rail rakes and conveyor belts by BALCO personnel was monitored for one month. The sample preparation and analysis was also monitored. Corrective measures were suggested in SOP and made on par with Indian standards. On site training was also given to the personnel of the plant.

13Study of Washability characteristic of ROM coalTopworthUrja & Metals Ltd, Nagpur 12 months from June 2014

To determine maximum yield of cleans at desired ash level of greater than 30 % and sulphur greater than 1.2 %

ROM coal sample collected from the stock was characterized with high ash ( 46.2 %) and total sulphur(5.6 %). The cleans at 1.9 sp gr of the 73-13mm fractions were characterized at 27.2 % ash and 1.55 % Total Sulphur and in the case of the 13-0.5 mm fraction the cleans were characterized at 23.4%  Ash  and 1.20%  Total sulphur. The data shows appreciable decrease in both ash and sulphur contents.

14Benchmarking specific diesel consumption of Bhatadi opencast coal mine of M/s Western coalfields Ltd, Nagpur (SSP7291)WCL9 months Start: May 2015 Complete: Mar 2016

To benchmark specific diesel consumption and quantify diesel saving potential

The proposed study would aim at setting specific diesel consumption norms for HEMMs and estimate diesel saving potential in Bhatadi opencast mine.

15Benchmarking specific diesel consumption of AKWM opencast coal mine of M/s Bharat Coking coals Ltd, Dhanbad (SSP7275)M/s Bharat Coking coals Ltd, Dhanbad1 Year 6 months Start: Feb 2015 Status: On-going

To benchmark SDC based on the actual operation of Heavy earth moving machines (HEMMs) during field trials and  quantify diesel saving potential

The proposed study would aim at setting specific diesel consumption norms for HEMMs and estimate diesel saving potential in AKWM opencast mine.

16Benchmarking specific diesel consumption (SDC) of Dipka opencast coal mine of South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bilaspur (SSP 7274)M/s South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bilaspur1 year and six months Start: Nov 2014 Status: On-going

To benchmark SDC based on the actual operation of Heavy earth moving machines (HEMMs) during field trials, past data  and  quantify diesel saving potential

The proposed study would aim at setting specific diesel consumption norms for HEMMs and estimate diesel saving potential in AKWM opencast mine.of other similar mines.

17Electrical energy audit and benchmarking of electrical power consumption of AKWM colliery of Katras area including colony and offices of Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Dhanbad (SSP 7290)M/s Bharat Coking Coals Limited, Dhanbad1 year and six months Start: May 2015 Status: On-going
The major objectives are to conduct electrical energy audit and study the operational and maintenance practices of the electrical machinery
 
and Benchmark specific power consumption so as to quantify energy saving potential

The proposed study would aim at setting specific power consumption norms for mine and estimate energy saving potential in opencast mine. 

18Benchmarking Specific Diesel Consumption (SDC)of Gevra Opencast Mine South Eastern Coalfields Ltd., Bilaspur (SSP 7317)M/s South Eastern Coalfields Ltd, Bilaspur1 year Start: Feb 2016 Status: On-going

To benchmark specific diesel consumption (SDC) and quantify diesel saving potential.

The proposed study would aim at setting specific diesel consumption norms for HEMMs and estimate diesel saving potential in Gevra opencast mine.

19Benchmarking Specific Diesel Consumption (SDC)of Kusmunda Opencast Mine South Eastern Coalfields Ltd., Bilaspur (SSP7316)M/s South Eastern Coalfields Ltd, Bilaspur1 year Start: Feb 2016 Status: On-going

To benchmark specific diesel consumption (SDC) and quantify diesel saving potential

The proposed study would aim at setting specific diesel consumption norms for HEMMs and estimate diesel saving potential in Kusmunda opencast mine.

20Benchmarking of Specific Power Consumption (SPC) of Dipka open cast mine of South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bilaspur (SSP 7285)M/s South Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bilaspur9 months Start: Dec 2014 Complete: March 2016

The major objectives of benchmarking specific power consumption (SPC) in Dipka opencast mine. 

The proposed study would aim at setting specific power consumption norms for electrical machines. 

21Detailed energy audit of Jalgaon dairy plant and cattle feed plant including energy saving monitoring (SSP 7266)Jalgaon JillaSahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Jalgaon1 year 6 months Start: Sept 2014 Status: On-going

The major objectives of conducting detailed energy audit at Jalgaon Jilla Sahakari Dudh SanghLtd.are to recommend cost effective energy saving measures to reduce electricity and fuel consumption. 

The proposed study saves electricity and fuel on implementation of recommendations in thrust areas like boiler & steam distribution, electrical motors etc.  and help in saving energy for the nation.

Section 4: Bilaspur Research Centre
1Characterization of coals from different coalfields explored by CMPDIL, RI-V through borehole coal core study, Phase-1, Phase-2, Phase-3, Phase-4, Phase-5 and Phase-6M/s CMPDIL, RI-V, BilaspurJuly-2012-Continue

Characterization of borehole coal cores generated from the detailed exploratory drilling in different coalfields by CMPDIL 

2Quality monitoring of coal at loading points supplied to MMPGCL from different SECL sidings and their characterizationM/s MPPGCL, JabalpurJune-2015 to November-2016

To collect 1421 rake samples dispatched from SECL sidings to various thermal power stations of MPPGCL

3Collection of samples from coal supplied to SGTPS-Birsinghpur, MPPGCL from different SECL sidings and their characterizationM/s MPPGCL, JabalpurMarch-2015 to September-2015

To collect 21 dispatch samples from the rakes dispatched from SECL sidings. 

4Collection of samples from coal supplied to SGTPS, MPPGCL from different SECL sidings and at different points of coal movement at SGTPS-Birsinghpur and their characterization.M/s MPPGCL, JabalpurDecember-2014 to August

To collect 10 dispatch samples from the rakes dispatched from different SECL sidings. Samples are also to be collected from the same rakes from the unloading end at SGTPS. Besides one samples each from two conveyor belts to be collected. 

5Lab scale washability study of ROM coals from Chhal O/C mines, Raigarh coalfieldM/s Bhatia Energy & Minerals Pvt. Ltd., RaigarhNovember-2014 To May-2015

Around 8 tonnes of ROM coal samples will be submitted by party from Chhal mine. ROM, clean coal and reject will be tested from detailed characterization

6Screen analysis of ROM (Dispatch) coal of Milupara mines, Raigarh Coalfield, (C.G.)M/s Monnet Ispat & Energy LimitedAugust-2014 To October-2014

To screen analysis of seam III ROM coal (dispatch) of MIEL.

Section 5: Ranchi Research Centre
1
Section 6: Raniganj Resources Centre
1
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